Dynabeads: Approach | I, Nanobot

Invented and defined first in 1976 as microbeads by John Ugelstad, today Dynabeads®are the spherical particles usually made up with a silicon core and covered with a layer of paramagnetic material.^[1] Namely, they are not initially magnetized, but need an extra force to become magnets. Beads diameter typically lies in the range from 1 to 5 micrometer often found in many biological applications as magnetic nanoswimmers, e.g. isolation of small components such as proteins and peptides.

Dynabeads®can be commercially purchased and functionalized afterwards. Every bead has a super-paramagnetic material coated with a thin polymer shell composed of highly cross-linked polysterine with magnetic material precipitated in pores evenly distributed throughout the particle. The surface chemistry of Dynabeads®is hydrophilic which confers them low non-specific binding and covalent amide bond formation to proteins.^{[ 2, 3 ]}

Step 1

Three intensity signals -one for each pair of Helmholtz coils- are simulated in the computer using a homemade LabVIEWTM script.

The script generates three simulated continuous sinusoidal signals as an output, from which the user can control the amplitude, the frequency and the phase sent to each coil. These parameters can be modified during the measurement.

Step 2

A 3-dimensional magnetic field is generated by a 3D Helmholtz Coils System (3D-HCS), consisting of three pairs of coils oriented in the three spatial directions (see Fig. below ^[2]). The 3D-HCS has the following specifications:

Coil	Smallest	Medium	Biggest
Diameter of the coil	56 mm	70 mm	92 mm
Distance between parallel coils	28 mm	41 mm	46 mm
Turns per coil	349	362	370
Length of wire per coil	70,2 m	80,9 m	117,4 m

The intensities from each coil are controlled by the computer, which is connected to a DAQmx card from National Instruments (NI USB-6259) digital-analog converter in order to transform the simulated signal into a physical intensity. This device has the following characteristics:

32 analog inputs (16-bit); 1.25 MS/s single-channel (1 MS/s aggregate)
4 analog outputs (16-bit, 2.8 MS/s); 48 digital I/O (32 clocked); two 32-bit counters

Each pair of coils was connected to a different analog output channel so that the signal parameters of each can be controlled independently. The calibration from intensity to magnetic field was performed for each coil by evaluating the average of maximum values for the generated magnetic field in the center of the system with a Hall sensor.^[2] The calibration curves are depicted in the figure below.

For applied intensities larger than approximately 35 mA, the system loses its linear behavior. The calibration has been calculated in the linear regime.

X Coil: B(mT) = 0.29 mT/mA * I(mA) + 0.13 mT
Y Coil: B(mT) = 0.30 mT/mA * I(mA) + 0.50 mT
Z Coil: B(mT) = 0.13 mT/mA * I (mA) + 0.01 mT

The physical signals can be monitored during the operation with an oscilloscope. The system is equipped with a microscope and a camera for the visualization and the recording of the samples, respectively. After long operation times, the system may warm up, especially for high intensities. This fact must be taken into account, since the increase in the temperature may affect the sample.

Step 3

Limitations of the setup suggested that simulations could supplement more information on the behavior of the magnetic swimmers under stronger magnetic fields or longer time measurements. Furthermore, the parameters that define different characteristics of the medium can be easily modified in a simulation.

Simulations were carried out using Comsol. With this software, it was possible to visualize and quantify the magnetic field generated by a three pairs of Helmholtz coils system.

Step 4

The characteristics of the movement of the magnetic swimmers depend on many factors, including the geometry and the magnetic properties of the swimmer, the characteristics of the medium, among others. For the case of Dynabeads®, it was demonstrated in ^[7] that they assemble in rods and rotate under the influence of an oscillating magnetic field. Such assembly and rotational motion of Dynabeads® in rods was observed and measured (see figure below).

Directed movement for Dynabeads® of 2.8 μm has been also demonstrated.^[8] Directed movement of the Dynabeads®suspension has not been observed in these experiments due to limitations in the setup used, such as an insufficient intensity of the magnetic field.

Long measurement times, as well as warming up of the coils for high intensities, may cause the drying of the sample. Once this happens, a directed movement of the suspended particles towards the boundaries of the droplet due to the coffee stain effect ^[6] becomes more important than the motion induced by the magnetic field.

Magnetic Beads or DynaBeads

Step 1

Step 2

Step 3

Step 4

References